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Table of Contents<br/><br/>Preface xiv <br/>Acknowledgements xvi <br/>Introduction<br/>1 (8)<br/>Causes of Postharvest Losses<br/>1 (1)<br/>Current Status of LP<br/>1 (2)<br/>Comparison of LP and CA<br/>3 (1)<br/>History of CA and LP Storage<br/>3 (1)<br/>LP Research and Development<br/>4 (1)<br/>Is LP More Complicated than CA?<br/>4 (2)<br/>LP Patent Protection and Trade Secrets<br/>6 (3)<br/>Origins of the LP Concept<br/>9 (9)<br/>The LP Apparatus<br/>9 (1)<br/>Evidence that Gas Exchange in Fruits is Limited by an Air Phase<br/>10 (3)<br/>Testing for Ethylene-controlled Developmental Processes<br/>13 (2)<br/>Involvement of Other Gases and Volatile Substances<br/>15 (1)<br/>Converting the LP Test Apparatus into a Storage System<br/>15 (1)<br/>Who Invented Hypobaric Storage?<br/>15 (3)<br/>Gas and Vapour Mass Transport<br/>18 (63)<br/>Resistance Network<br/>18 (2)<br/>Effect of pH and Temperature on Gas Exchange through Bio-membranes<br/>20 (3)<br/>Cytosol Resistance<br/>23 (1)<br/>Permeability of the Cell Wall<br/>23 (1)<br/>Resistance of the Mitochondria<br/>23 (1)<br/>Total Gas Transport Resistance<br/>24 (1)<br/>Kinetics of Gas Equilibration between Cells, the Intercellular System and Atmosphere<br/>24 (3)<br/>Measuring the Air Phase Resistance Coefficient<br/>27 (1)<br/>O2, CO2 and Ethylene Exchange between Cell Fluid and Intercellular Air<br/>28 (1)<br/>Dependence of Ethylene Action on the IEC<br/>29 (6)<br/>NH3 Exchange between the Apoplast and Intercellular Air<br/>35 (2)<br/>Jamin's Chains: the Effect of Liquid Water on Intercellular Gas Transport<br/>37 (2)<br/>Cell Leakage during Senescence and Ripening<br/>39 (5)<br/>Measuring the Intercellular Gas Concentrations<br/>44 (2)<br/>Vacuum-extraction Errors<br/>46 (2)<br/>Intercellular Gas Transport<br/>48 (3)<br/>Axial Diffusion of Intercellular Gases<br/>51 (1)<br/>Stomates and Lenticles<br/>52 (4)<br/>Pedicel-end Stem Scar<br/>56 (4)<br/>Cuticular Gas Exchange<br/>60 (2)<br/>Effect of LP on NH3 Efflux<br/>62 (1)<br/>Changes in Gas Exchange during Storage<br/>63 (1)<br/>Resistance of Boxes and Wraps<br/>63 (1)<br/>Effect of LP on Mass Transport through Air Phases<br/>64 (1)<br/>Effect of LP on Vapour Mass Transport<br/>65 (1)<br/>LP Does Not Remove Flavour and Aroma Volatiles from Fruits<br/>66 (1)<br/>Examples<br/>67 (14)<br/>Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia and Cyanide<br/>81 (51)<br/>Measuring Respiration and Ethylene Production under Hypobaric Conditions<br/>81 (2)<br/>Effect of O2 on Respiration<br/>83 (8)<br/>Low [O2] and High [CO2] Injury<br/>91 (2)<br/>Effect of O2 on Ethylene Production<br/>93 (1)<br/>Effect of O2 on Ethylene Action<br/>94 (1)<br/>Effect of O2 on Ascorbic Acid Oxidation<br/>95 (2)<br/>Effect of Hypoxia on Ethylene Production, Fruit Softening, ACC Accumulation and Ethylene-induced Enzyme Activity<br/>97 (1)<br/>Advantages of a CO2-free Atmosphere<br/>97 (1)<br/>Effect of CO2 on Respiration<br/>98 (1)<br/>Effect of CO2 on Ethylene Production<br/>98 (2)<br/>CO2 as an Activator, Regulator and Inhibitor of Enzymatic Reactions<br/>100 (1)<br/>Effect of CO2 on Ethylene Action and Metabolism<br/>101 (5)<br/>Effect of CO2 on Succinic Acid Accumulation<br/>106 (2)<br/>Effect of CO2 on Ascorbic Acid Content<br/>108 (1)<br/>Effect of CO2 on Stomatal Action<br/>109 (4)<br/>Effect of CO2 on Cellular pH<br/>113 (7)<br/>Ammonia Toxicity<br/>120 (1)<br/>Ammonia Incorporation into Organic Compounds<br/>121 (1)<br/>Ammonia Formation<br/>122 (1)<br/>Ammonia Production during Flower Fading and Leaf Senescence<br/>123 (2)<br/>Cyanide<br/>125 (2)<br/>Examples<br/>127 (5)<br/>Ethylene<br/>132 (108)<br/>Biosynthetic Pathway<br/>132 (3)<br/>Effect of Temperature on Ethylene Production and Perception<br/>135 (2)<br/>Cellular Localization of EFE<br/>137 (3)<br/>Effect of Ethylene on Respiration<br/>140 (1)<br/>Climacteric and Non-climacteric Fruits<br/>141 (4)<br/>Systems 1 and 2 Ethylene Production<br/>145 (1)<br/>Auto-inhibition of System 1 Ethylene Production<br/>145 (2)<br/>Auto-stimulation of System 2 Ethylene Production<br/>147 (1)<br/>Significance of the Pre-climacteric IEC<br/>148 (6)<br/>Effect of Harvest<br/>154 (10)<br/>Ethylene Receptor<br/>164 (8)<br/>Ethylene Transduction Pathway<br/>172 (1)<br/>Regulation of Ethylene Sensitivity<br/>173 (4)<br/>Initiation of Ripening in Climacteric Fruits<br/>177 (4)<br/>Ethylene-independent Developmental Regulation of Ripening in Climacteric Fruits<br/>181 (5)<br/>Ripening in Non-climacteric Fruits<br/>186 (2)<br/>Circadian Rhythms of Ethylene Production<br/>188 (5)<br/>Stress-induced Ethylene Production<br/>193 (1)<br/>Auxin-induced Ethylene Production<br/>194 (5)<br/>Effect of Ethylene on Polar Auxin Transport<br/>199 (1)<br/>Effect of Ethylene on Auxin Synthesis and Metabolism<br/>199 (1)<br/>Gravity-dependent Ethylene Action<br/>200 (5)<br/>Effect of Ethylene on Auxin Gravitransport<br/>205 (5)<br/>The `Triple Response' of Seedlings<br/>210 (3)<br/>Ethylene-induced Epinasty<br/>213 (2)<br/>Effect of Ethylene on Correlative Inhibition<br/>215 (4)<br/>Effect of Ethylene on Microfibrillar and Microtubular Orientation<br/>219 (2)<br/>Ethylene-induced Leaf Senescence<br/>221 (3)<br/>Role of Ethylene in Abscission<br/>224 (1)<br/>Role of Ethylene in Flower Fading<br/>225 (6)<br/>Induction of Physiological Disorders by Ethylene<br/>231 (1)<br/>Effect of Ethylene on Stomatal Opening<br/>232 (1)<br/>Effect of Ethylene on Ascorbic Acid Content<br/>232 (1)<br/>Examples<br/>232 (8)<br/>Heat Transfer and Water Loss<br/>240 (62)<br/>Dependence of Water Loss on Respiratory Heat<br/>241 (7)<br/>The Cuticle<br/>248 (2)<br/>Dependence of Transpirational Resistance on Relative Humidity<br/>250 (2)<br/>Water-retentive Packaging<br/>252 (1)<br/>Dependence of Transpirational Resistance on Pressure<br/>253 (3)<br/>Radial Transport of Respiratory Heat<br/>256 (2)<br/>Cellular Water Conductance<br/>258 (1)<br/>Apoplastic Water Transport<br/>259 (1)<br/>Symplastic Cell-to-cell Water Transport<br/>259 (1)<br/>Water Vapour Transport through the Intercellular System<br/>260 (3)<br/>Skin Shrivel and `Peel Puffing'<br/>263 (2)<br/>Dimensionless Groups used for Convective Heat Transfer Calculations<br/>265 (2)<br/>Heat Transfer Coefficient for Free Convection at Atmospheric Pressure<br/>267 (1)<br/>Radiative Couplings<br/>268 (2)<br/>Evaporative Couplings<br/>270 (1)<br/>Heat Transfer in CA Storage at Atmospheric Pressure<br/>270 (2)<br/>Controlling Water Loss at Atmospheric Pressure<br/>272 (1)<br/>LP Heat Sources<br/>273 (1)<br/>Humidity Control in LP<br/>273 (2)<br/>LP Stacking Arrangements<br/>275 (4)<br/>Forced Convection in LP<br/>279 (1)<br/>Effect of LP on Free Convective Heat Transfer<br/>280 (2)<br/>Thermal Balance under Hypobaric Conditions<br/>282 (4)<br/>Cool down under Hypobaric Conditions<br/>286 (3)<br/>Examples<br/>289 (13)<br/>Postharvest Diseases and Physiological Disorders<br/>302 (31)<br/>Direct Effects of O2 on Microbial Growth<br/>302 (3)<br/>Direct Effects of CO2 on Microbial Growth<br/>305 (2)<br/>Combined Direct Effects of CO2 and O2 on Microbial Growth<br/>307 (1)<br/>Microbial Development in LP<br/>308 (5)<br/>Ripening, Ageing and Senescence Influence the Host's Susceptibility to Disease<br/>313 (1)<br/>Ethylene<br/>313 (1)<br/>Phytoalexins and Anti-fungal Compounds<br/>314 (3)<br/>Water Condensation<br/>317 (1)<br/>Hypochlorous Acid Vapour<br/>318 (3)<br/>Chilling Injury<br/>321 (6)<br/>Physiological Disorders other than Chilling Injury<br/>327 (2)<br/>Examples<br/>329 (4)<br/>Insect Quarantine<br/>333 (17)<br/>Effect of High Temperature<br/>333 (3)<br/>Effect of Low Temperature<br/>336 (1)<br/>Dependence of Insect O2 Consumption on Temperature, [O2] and [CO2]<br/>336 (1)<br/>Lethal Effects of High [CO2], Low [O2] and Desiccation<br/>337 (2)<br/>The Gas Exchange System of Insects<br/>339 (5)<br/>Comparison of the Gas Exchange Systems of Insects and Plants<br/>344 (1)<br/>Effect of a Low Pressure on Insect Mortality<br/>345 (5)<br/>Technical Difficulties Associated with Laboratory Hypobaric Research<br/>350 (21)<br/>Does the Inability to Provide CO2 Detract from LP Storage?<br/>351 (1)<br/>Factors Influencing Weight Loss in a Laboratory Hypobaric Experiment<br/>351 (2)<br/>Factors Determining the Steady-state Relative Humidity<br/>353 (4)<br/>Measuring the Relative Humidity<br/>357 (1)<br/>Other Sources of Moisture<br/>357 (1)<br/>Chamber Leak Rate<br/>358 (1)<br/>Chamber Temperature Uniformity<br/>359 (3)<br/>Elevating the Humidity<br/>362 (1)<br/>Mylar Radiation Shielding<br/>363 (2)<br/>Air Change Rate<br/>365 (1)<br/>Design of a Laboratory Apparatus<br/>365 (1)<br/>Measuring the Pressure<br/>365 (1)<br/>Examples<br/>366 (5)<br/>Horticultural Commodity Requirements<br/>371 (69)<br/>Fruits<br/>372 (1)<br/>Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.), American Summer Pearmain, Jonathan, Cox Orange, Red King, Golden Delicious, Boskoop, Schweizer Glockenapfel, McIntosh, Red Delicious, Ida Red, Spartan, Staymen, Northern Spy, Red Rome, Lodi, Empire, Ontario<br/>372 (3)<br/>Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), var. Large Early Montgament<br/>375 (1)<br/>Avocado (Persea americana Mill.), Choquette, Waldin, Booth 8, Lula, Hass<br/>376 (2)<br/>Banana (Musa paradisica var. Sapientum), Lacatan, Valery, Gros Michel and Dwarf Cavendish<br/>378 (2)<br/>Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), var. Jersey<br/>380 (1)<br/>Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.), cv. Earl's Favourite<br/>381 (1)<br/>Carambola (Averrhoa carambola Linn.)<br/>381 (1)<br/>Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Miller)<br/>381 (1)<br/>Cherry, Sweet (Prunus avium L.) cvs Bing, Lambert, Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, Emperor Francis, Picota<br/>382 (1)<br/>Cherry, Barbados (Malpighia glabra L.) and Surinam (Eugenia uniflora L.)<br/>383 (1)<br/>Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.)<br/>383 (1)<br/>Currant (Ribes vulgare Lam.), Red, White and Black<br/>383 (1)<br/>Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), American, European and var. Red Emperor<br/>384 (1)<br/>Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi Macfad.), Florida Ruby Red, Florida Marsh White, Texas Ruby Red<br/>384 (1)<br/>Guava (Psidium guajava L.)<br/>385 (1)<br/>Honeydew Melon (Cucumis melo L.)<br/>386 (1)<br/>Lime, Persian [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle], var. Tahiti<br/>386 (1)<br/>Mango (Mangifera indica L.), cvs Haden, Irwin, Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt, Maya, Okrang<br/>387 (2)<br/>Nectarine (Prunus persica L.), var. Nectarina<br/>389 (1)<br/>Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), Valencia<br/>389 (1)<br/>Papaya (Carica papaya L.), var. Solo<br/>390 (2)<br/>Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.), cvs White Okubo, Cardinal, Red Haven, Gleason Early Elberta<br/>392 (1)<br/>Pear (Pyrus communis L.), cvs Bartlett, Clapp, Commice<br/>393 (1)<br/>Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.), var. Smooth Cayenne<br/>393 (2)<br/>Prune (Prunus domestica), cv. Richards Early Italian<br/>395 (1)<br/>Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), cvs Tioga, Shasta, Florida 90, Donna, Z-5A, Long Island Jerseybelle, Cambridge Favourite<br/>395 (2)<br/>Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), vars Homestead 2, Jupiter, Michigan-Ohio Hybrid, Heines Hochzucht, NM Super II, NM Milo I, Waldin, Ace<br/>397 (2)<br/>Vegetables<br/>399 (1)<br/>Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)<br/>399 (1)<br/>Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Pole, Snap and Bush; cvs Improved Tendergreen, `McCaslan 42', Sprite<br/>400 (2)<br/>Beet Leaf (Beta vulgaris L.), var. Conditiva Alef<br/>402 (1)<br/>Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. -- Italica Group)<br/>402 (1)<br/>Brussels Sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. -- Gemmifera Group)<br/>403 (1)<br/>Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. -- Capitata Group), cv. Quick Green Storage<br/>403 (1)<br/>Carrot (Daucas carota L.)<br/>404 (1)<br/>Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L. -- Botrytis Group)<br/>404 (1)<br/>Celery, Transplants (Apium graveolens L.), cv. Utah 52--70<br/>405 (1)<br/>Corn, Sweet (Zea mays L.), cvs Iobelle, Florida Sweet, Wintergreen<br/>405 (1)<br/>Cress (Lepidium sativum L.)<br/>406 (1)<br/>Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), var. Poinsett<br/>407 (1)<br/>Kohlrabi (Brassica caulorapa)<br/>408 (1)<br/>Leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.)<br/>408 (1)<br/>Lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), var. Iceberg<br/>408 (2)<br/>Mushroom [Agaricus bisporrus (Lge.)], cvs Golden Light, White Button, Shitake, Enokitake, Matsutake<br/>410 (2)<br/>Onion, Green (Allium cepa L.)<br/>412 (1)<br/>Onion, Dry (Allium cepa L.), cvs Autumn Spice, Rocket, Trapps #6<br/>412 (1)<br/>Parsley [Petroselinum sativum (Mill.) Nym.]<br/>413 (1)<br/>Pepper, Sweet (Capsicum annum L.), Neusiedler Ideal, Bellboy<br/>414 (1)<br/>Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)<br/>415 (1)<br/>Radish (Raphanus sativa L.), var. Sativus<br/>415 (1)<br/>Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)<br/>415 (1)<br/>Squash (Curcurbita maxima Duch.), var. Acorn; (Curcurbita pepo L. var. Melopepo Alef.); and Yellow Crookneck `Summer' Squash<br/>416 (1)<br/>Turnip (Brassica campestris L. -- Rapifera Group)<br/>416 (1)<br/>Cut Flowers, Cuttings and Potted Plants<br/>417 (1)<br/>Diseases of Cut Flowers<br/>417 (1)<br/>Alstroemeria, Cut Flower (Alstroemeria sp.)<br/>417 (1)<br/>Anthurium, Cut Flower (Anthurium sp.), var. Ozaki<br/>417 (1)<br/>Aster, China, Cut Flower (Callistephus chinensis)<br/>418 (1)<br/>Azalea, Potted Plant (Rhododendron sp.)<br/>418 (1)<br/>Carnation, Cut Flower (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), cvs White Sims (White), Linda (Pink), Scania (Red), Laddie and Various Other Colours<br/>418 (4)<br/>Chrysanthemum, Rooted and Non-rooted Cuttings (Chrysanthemum morifolium = Dendranthema morifolium), cvs Delaware, Neptune, Yellow Delaware, Blue Marble, Golden Anne, Bright Golden Anne, Regal Anne, Yellow Snowdown, Hurricane, Yellow Mandalay, Polaris, Fandango, Super White, Heyday, Rose Chip<br/>422 (1)<br/>Chrysanthemum, Cut Flower (Chrysanthemum morifolium = Dendranthema morifolium)<br/>423 (1)<br/>Chrysanthemum, Potted Plant (Chrysanthemum morifolium = Dendranthema morifolium)<br/>424 (1)<br/>Cuttings (Foliage and Woody)<br/>425 (1)<br/>Foliage Plants, Potted<br/>426 (1)<br/>Freesia, Cut Flower (Freesia sp.)<br/>427 (1)<br/>Fynbos, Cut Flower (Erica sparsa, Stoebe plumosa, Phylica imberbus)<br/>427 (1)<br/>Geranium, Cutting (Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey)<br/>427 (1)<br/>Geranium, Potted Plant (Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey), Red<br/>427 (1)<br/>Ginger, Red, Cut Flower (Alpinia purpuata)<br/>428 (1)<br/>Ginger, Wax, Cut Flower (Alpinia speciosa)<br/>429 (1)<br/>Gladiolus, Cut Flower (Gladiolus sp.)<br/>429 (1)<br/>Gypsophila, Cut Flower (Gypsophila sp.)<br/>429 (1)<br/>Heliconia, Cut Flower (Heliconia humilis, Heliconia latispatha)<br/>430 (1)<br/>Leucadendron, Cut Flower (Leucadendron argenteum), vars Pisa, Jubilee Crown<br/>430 (1)<br/>Liatris, Cut Flower (Liatris sp.)<br/>430 (1)<br/>Lily, Easter, Cut Flower (Lilium longiflorum speciosum rubrum)<br/>430 (1)<br/>Lily, Easter, Potted Plant (Lilium longiflorum speciosum rubrum)<br/>430 (1)<br/>Narcissus, Cut Flower (Narcissus sp.)<br/>431 (1)<br/>Orchid, Cut Flower (Vanda Agnes Joaquim)<br/>431 (1)<br/>Poppy, Cut Flower (Papaver sp.)<br/>431 (1)<br/>Protea, Cut Flower (Protea sp.), vars Eximia, Cardinal, Sylvia, Pink Ice, Renata, Repens<br/>432 (1)<br/>Rapeseed, Cut Flower (Brassica napus)<br/>433 (1)<br/>Rose, Cut Flower (Rosa sp.), `Sweetheart', `Tanbeedee Belinda', `Forever Yours', `Bacarra', `Merko Mercedes', `Sweet Promise', `Sonia', `Visa', `Madam Delbar', `Sandia', `Samantha', `Royalty', `Spanish Sun', `Town Crier'<br/>433 (2)<br/>Snapdragon, Cut Flower (Antirrhinum majus), `Promenade Crimson'<br/>435 (1)<br/>Statice, Cut Flower (Statice ameria)<br/>436 (1)<br/>Stock, Cut Flower (Malcomia maritima), Purple and Rose Red<br/>436 (1)<br/>Tulip, Cut Flower (Tulipa sp.)<br/>436 (1)<br/>Seeds [Apium graveolens var. Dulce (Celery), Brassica oleracea (Cabbage), Allium cepa (Onion)]<br/>436 (1)<br/>Tissue Cultures (Nicotiana tabacum `Wisconsin 38', Chrysanthemum x morifolium)<br/>437 (1)<br/>Pressure Cycling (Tomatoes, Bananas, Apples, Cabbage, Chrysanthemum Cuttings, Cut Carnation Blooms)<br/>437 (1)<br/>Mixed Loads (Cabbages, Carrots, Bananas, Tomatoes, Apples)<br/>438 (2)<br/>Meat Storage<br/>440 (44)<br/>Optimal LP Storage Condition for Meat<br/>441 (1)<br/>Partial Pressures of O2, CO2 and H2O Vapour Present in a VacuFreshSM Container during Meat Storage<br/>442 (1)<br/>Heat Transfer and Weight Loss<br/>442 (2)<br/>Packaging Parameters<br/>444 (3)<br/>Oxidation of Meat Pigments<br/>447 (1)<br/>Fat Oxidation<br/>448 (1)<br/>Meat Odour and Flavour<br/>448 (1)<br/>Microbial Spoilage under Aerobic Conditions<br/>449 (1)<br/>Microbial Spoilage under Anaerobic Conditions<br/>450 (1)<br/>Effect of CO2 on Microbial Spoilage<br/>451 (2)<br/>Microbiological Safety<br/>453 (1)<br/>Botulism<br/>454 (1)<br/>Temperature<br/>455 (3)<br/>Ice-crystal Formation<br/>458 (1)<br/>Humidity<br/>459 (1)<br/>Venting the Container<br/>460 (1)<br/>Tenderization and Ageing<br/>460 (2)<br/>Commodity Requirements<br/>462 (1)<br/>Beef<br/>462 (2)<br/>Chicken<br/>464 (1)<br/>Duck<br/>465 (1)<br/>Fish (Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua; Atlantic Herring, Clupea harengus; Spot Fish, Leiostrous xanthurus; Atlantic Salmon, Salmo solar; Caesar Grunt, Haemulon carbonarium; Gray Snapper, Lutjanus griseus; Atlantic Mackerel, Scomber scombrus)<br/>465 (6)<br/>Horse Meat<br/>471 (2)<br/>Lamb<br/>473 (2)<br/>Pork<br/>475 (1)<br/>Shrimp (Panaeus setiferus)<br/>476 (2)<br/>Veal<br/>478 (1)<br/>Examples<br/>478 (6)<br/>Warehouse Design<br/>484 (11)<br/>Grumman's Hypobaric Warehouse<br/>484 (1)<br/>Alternative Steel-cylinder Design<br/>484 (2)<br/>Concrete Warehouse Designs<br/>486 (1)<br/>Boeing/Preload Design<br/>486 (1)<br/>Crom Corporation Design<br/>487 (2)<br/>University of Guelph Design<br/>489 (3)<br/>Concrete Masonry Corporation (CMC) Precast Concept<br/>492 (1)<br/>Inherent Thermal Problem in a Concrete Warehouse Design<br/>493 (2)<br/>Intermodal Container Design<br/>495 (28)<br/>Prototype No. 1<br/>495 (1)<br/>Prototype No. 2<br/>496 (1)<br/>Grumman's Dormavac Container<br/>496 (2)<br/>Grumman/Dormavac Structural Design<br/>498 (1)<br/>Grumman/Dormavac Mechanical Design<br/>498 (3)<br/>Defects in Grumman's Dormavac Design<br/>501 (1)<br/>General Description of the VacuFreshSM Container<br/>502 (1)<br/>VacuFreshSM Tank Container Specifications and Physical Parameters<br/>503 (1)<br/>Special Features<br/>503 (3)<br/>Interior Structures<br/>506 (1)<br/>VacuFreshSM Mechanical Equipment<br/>507 (1)<br/>Refrigeration System General Schematic<br/>507 (3)<br/>Heating Cycle<br/>510 (1)<br/>Temperature Modulation<br/>510 (1)<br/>Vacuum System General Schematic<br/>510 (4)<br/>Preventing Condensation in Cabinets, Conduits and Regulators<br/>514 (1)<br/>Vacuum-control Circuitry<br/>515 (1)<br/>Controlling the Pumping Speed<br/>515 (1)<br/>Detented Controller<br/>515 (3)<br/>Electronic Vacuum Gauge<br/>518 (1)<br/>Pressure Regulation<br/>518 (1)<br/>Momentary Test Buttons<br/>519 (1)<br/>Data Logger<br/>519 (1)<br/>TransVac<br/>520 (1)<br/>Example<br/>521 (2)<br/>Conclusions<br/>523 (7)<br/>Appendix -- Influence of LP on Physical, Biological and Chemical Parameters<br/>530 (13)<br/>Physical and Chemical Properties<br/>530 (1)<br/>Chemical Potential<br/>530 (1)<br/>Electrochemical Potential<br/>531 (1)<br/>Standard State<br/>531 (1)<br/>Hydrostatic Pressure, Water Activity and Osmotic Pressure<br/>531 (1)<br/>Osmoregulation<br/>532 (1)<br/>Water Potential of Liquid Water<br/>532 (1)<br/>Chemical Activity of Water<br/>533 (1)<br/>Water Vapour Pressure and Relative Humidity<br/>533 (1)<br/>Water Potential of Water Vapour in the Gas Phase<br/>534 (1)<br/>Humidity Control in an LP Container<br/>534 (1)<br/>Influence of Pressure and Water Vapour on the Partial Pressures of O2, CO2 and Other Gases Present in the Vacuum Tank's Gas Mixture<br/>534 (1)<br/>Diffusion in the Gas Phase<br/>535 (1)<br/>Definitions<br/>535 (1)<br/>Steady-state Equimolar Counter-diffusion in Gases<br/>535 (1)<br/>Steady-state Unidirectional Diffusion in Gases<br/>536 (1)<br/>Steady-state Equimolar Counter-diffusion in Liquids<br/>537 (1)<br/>Steady-state Unidirectional Diffusion in Liquids<br/>537 (1)<br/>Binary Diffusion Coefficient of Gases<br/>537 (2)<br/>Binary Diffusion Coefficient in Liquids<br/>539 (1)<br/>Influence of Water Vapour on Physical and Chemical Parameters<br/>539 (1)<br/>Viscosity of Water Vapour + Air Mixtures<br/>540 (1)<br/>Thermal Conductivity of Water Vapour + Air Mixtures<br/>541 (1)<br/>Heat Capacity of Water Vapour + Air Mixtures<br/>541 (1)<br/>Prandtl (Pr) and Reynolds (Re) Numbers of Water Vapour + Air Mixtures<br/>541 (1)<br/>Diffusion of a Dilute Gaseous Component in a Water Vapour + Air Mixtures<br/>541 (1)<br/>Effect of Air Partial Pressure on the Convective Film Coefficient for Condensation in a Water Vapour/Air Mixtures<br/>542 (1)<br/>References 543 (88)<br/>Index 631 |
