Introduction -- Survival mechanisms of Extremophiles -- Therapeutic Implications of Extremophiles -- Challenges in advancing extremophiles for therapeutic applications -- Conclusion.

Extremophiles are known to thrive under harsh environmental conditions. Many extremophilic bio-products are already used as life-saving drugs. Recent technological advancements of systems biology have opened the door to explore these organisms anew as sources of products that might prove useful in clinical, environmental and drug development.