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020			_a0851998011
020			_a9780851998015
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082			_a664.8 _bBUR
100			_aBurg, Stanley P.
245			_aPostHarvest Physiology and Hypobaric Storage of Fresh Produce
260			_aOxfordshire _bCABI _c2004
300			_axvi+654 p.
505			_aTable of Contents Preface xiv Acknowledgements xvi Introduction 1 (8) Causes of Postharvest Losses 1 (1) Current Status of LP 1 (2) Comparison of LP and CA 3 (1) History of CA and LP Storage 3 (1) LP Research and Development 4 (1) Is LP More Complicated than CA? 4 (2) LP Patent Protection and Trade Secrets 6 (3) Origins of the LP Concept 9 (9) The LP Apparatus 9 (1) Evidence that Gas Exchange in Fruits is Limited by an Air Phase 10 (3) Testing for Ethylene-controlled Developmental Processes 13 (2) Involvement of Other Gases and Volatile Substances 15 (1) Converting the LP Test Apparatus into a Storage System 15 (1) Who Invented Hypobaric Storage? 15 (3) Gas and Vapour Mass Transport 18 (63) Resistance Network 18 (2) Effect of pH and Temperature on Gas Exchange through Bio-membranes 20 (3) Cytosol Resistance 23 (1) Permeability of the Cell Wall 23 (1) Resistance of the Mitochondria 23 (1) Total Gas Transport Resistance 24 (1) Kinetics of Gas Equilibration between Cells, the Intercellular System and Atmosphere 24 (3) Measuring the Air Phase Resistance Coefficient 27 (1) O2, CO2 and Ethylene Exchange between Cell Fluid and Intercellular Air 28 (1) Dependence of Ethylene Action on the IEC 29 (6) NH3 Exchange between the Apoplast and Intercellular Air 35 (2) Jamin's Chains: the Effect of Liquid Water on Intercellular Gas Transport 37 (2) Cell Leakage during Senescence and Ripening 39 (5) Measuring the Intercellular Gas Concentrations 44 (2) Vacuum-extraction Errors 46 (2) Intercellular Gas Transport 48 (3) Axial Diffusion of Intercellular Gases 51 (1) Stomates and Lenticles 52 (4) Pedicel-end Stem Scar 56 (4) Cuticular Gas Exchange 60 (2) Effect of LP on NH3 Efflux 62 (1) Changes in Gas Exchange during Storage 63 (1) Resistance of Boxes and Wraps 63 (1) Effect of LP on Mass Transport through Air Phases 64 (1) Effect of LP on Vapour Mass Transport 65 (1) LP Does Not Remove Flavour and Aroma Volatiles from Fruits 66 (1) Examples 67 (14) Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia and Cyanide 81 (51) Measuring Respiration and Ethylene Production under Hypobaric Conditions 81 (2) Effect of O2 on Respiration 83 (8) Low [O2] and High [CO2] Injury 91 (2) Effect of O2 on Ethylene Production 93 (1) Effect of O2 on Ethylene Action 94 (1) Effect of O2 on Ascorbic Acid Oxidation 95 (2) Effect of Hypoxia on Ethylene Production, Fruit Softening, ACC Accumulation and Ethylene-induced Enzyme Activity 97 (1) Advantages of a CO2-free Atmosphere 97 (1) Effect of CO2 on Respiration 98 (1) Effect of CO2 on Ethylene Production 98 (2) CO2 as an Activator, Regulator and Inhibitor of Enzymatic Reactions 100 (1) Effect of CO2 on Ethylene Action and Metabolism 101 (5) Effect of CO2 on Succinic Acid Accumulation 106 (2) Effect of CO2 on Ascorbic Acid Content 108 (1) Effect of CO2 on Stomatal Action 109 (4) Effect of CO2 on Cellular pH 113 (7) Ammonia Toxicity 120 (1) Ammonia Incorporation into Organic Compounds 121 (1) Ammonia Formation 122 (1) Ammonia Production during Flower Fading and Leaf Senescence 123 (2) Cyanide 125 (2) Examples 127 (5) Ethylene 132 (108) Biosynthetic Pathway 132 (3) Effect of Temperature on Ethylene Production and Perception 135 (2) Cellular Localization of EFE 137 (3) Effect of Ethylene on Respiration 140 (1) Climacteric and Non-climacteric Fruits 141 (4) Systems 1 and 2 Ethylene Production 145 (1) Auto-inhibition of System 1 Ethylene Production 145 (2) Auto-stimulation of System 2 Ethylene Production 147 (1) Significance of the Pre-climacteric IEC 148 (6) Effect of Harvest 154 (10) Ethylene Receptor 164 (8) Ethylene Transduction Pathway 172 (1) Regulation of Ethylene Sensitivity 173 (4) Initiation of Ripening in Climacteric Fruits 177 (4) Ethylene-independent Developmental Regulation of Ripening in Climacteric Fruits 181 (5) Ripening in Non-climacteric Fruits 186 (2) Circadian Rhythms of Ethylene Production 188 (5) Stress-induced Ethylene Production 193 (1) Auxin-induced Ethylene Production 194 (5) Effect of Ethylene on Polar Auxin Transport 199 (1) Effect of Ethylene on Auxin Synthesis and Metabolism 199 (1) Gravity-dependent Ethylene Action 200 (5) Effect of Ethylene on Auxin Gravitransport 205 (5) The `Triple Response' of Seedlings 210 (3) Ethylene-induced Epinasty 213 (2) Effect of Ethylene on Correlative Inhibition 215 (4) Effect of Ethylene on Microfibrillar and Microtubular Orientation 219 (2) Ethylene-induced Leaf Senescence 221 (3) Role of Ethylene in Abscission 224 (1) Role of Ethylene in Flower Fading 225 (6) Induction of Physiological Disorders by Ethylene 231 (1) Effect of Ethylene on Stomatal Opening 232 (1) Effect of Ethylene on Ascorbic Acid Content 232 (1) Examples 232 (8) Heat Transfer and Water Loss 240 (62) Dependence of Water Loss on Respiratory Heat 241 (7) The Cuticle 248 (2) Dependence of Transpirational Resistance on Relative Humidity 250 (2) Water-retentive Packaging 252 (1) Dependence of Transpirational Resistance on Pressure 253 (3) Radial Transport of Respiratory Heat 256 (2) Cellular Water Conductance 258 (1) Apoplastic Water Transport 259 (1) Symplastic Cell-to-cell Water Transport 259 (1) Water Vapour Transport through the Intercellular System 260 (3) Skin Shrivel and `Peel Puffing' 263 (2) Dimensionless Groups used for Convective Heat Transfer Calculations 265 (2) Heat Transfer Coefficient for Free Convection at Atmospheric Pressure 267 (1) Radiative Couplings 268 (2) Evaporative Couplings 270 (1) Heat Transfer in CA Storage at Atmospheric Pressure 270 (2) Controlling Water Loss at Atmospheric Pressure 272 (1) LP Heat Sources 273 (1) Humidity Control in LP 273 (2) LP Stacking Arrangements 275 (4) Forced Convection in LP 279 (1) Effect of LP on Free Convective Heat Transfer 280 (2) Thermal Balance under Hypobaric Conditions 282 (4) Cool down under Hypobaric Conditions 286 (3) Examples 289 (13) Postharvest Diseases and Physiological Disorders 302 (31) Direct Effects of O2 on Microbial Growth 302 (3) Direct Effects of CO2 on Microbial Growth 305 (2) Combined Direct Effects of CO2 and O2 on Microbial Growth 307 (1) Microbial Development in LP 308 (5) Ripening, Ageing and Senescence Influence the Host's Susceptibility to Disease 313 (1) Ethylene 313 (1) Phytoalexins and Anti-fungal Compounds 314 (3) Water Condensation 317 (1) Hypochlorous Acid Vapour 318 (3) Chilling Injury 321 (6) Physiological Disorders other than Chilling Injury 327 (2) Examples 329 (4) Insect Quarantine 333 (17) Effect of High Temperature 333 (3) Effect of Low Temperature 336 (1) Dependence of Insect O2 Consumption on Temperature, [O2] and [CO2] 336 (1) Lethal Effects of High [CO2], Low [O2] and Desiccation 337 (2) The Gas Exchange System of Insects 339 (5) Comparison of the Gas Exchange Systems of Insects and Plants 344 (1) Effect of a Low Pressure on Insect Mortality 345 (5) Technical Difficulties Associated with Laboratory Hypobaric Research 350 (21) Does the Inability to Provide CO2 Detract from LP Storage? 351 (1) Factors Influencing Weight Loss in a Laboratory Hypobaric Experiment 351 (2) Factors Determining the Steady-state Relative Humidity 353 (4) Measuring the Relative Humidity 357 (1) Other Sources of Moisture 357 (1) Chamber Leak Rate 358 (1) Chamber Temperature Uniformity 359 (3) Elevating the Humidity 362 (1) Mylar Radiation Shielding 363 (2) Air Change Rate 365 (1) Design of a Laboratory Apparatus 365 (1) Measuring the Pressure 365 (1) Examples 366 (5) Horticultural Commodity Requirements 371 (69) Fruits 372 (1) Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.), American Summer Pearmain, Jonathan, Cox Orange, Red King, Golden Delicious, Boskoop, Schweizer Glockenapfel, McIntosh, Red Delicious, Ida Red, Spartan, Staymen, Northern Spy, Red Rome, Lodi, Empire, Ontario 372 (3) Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), var. Large Early Montgament 375 (1) Avocado (Persea americana Mill.), Choquette, Waldin, Booth 8, Lula, Hass 376 (2) Banana (Musa paradisica var. Sapientum), Lacatan, Valery, Gros Michel and Dwarf Cavendish 378 (2) Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), var. Jersey 380 (1) Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.), cv. Earl's Favourite 381 (1) Carambola (Averrhoa carambola Linn.) 381 (1) Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Miller) 381 (1) Cherry, Sweet (Prunus avium L.) cvs Bing, Lambert, Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, Emperor Francis, Picota 382 (1) Cherry, Barbados (Malpighia glabra L.) and Surinam (Eugenia uniflora L.) 383 (1) Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) 383 (1) Currant (Ribes vulgare Lam.), Red, White and Black 383 (1) Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), American, European and var. Red Emperor 384 (1) Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi Macfad.), Florida Ruby Red, Florida Marsh White, Texas Ruby Red 384 (1) Guava (Psidium guajava L.) 385 (1) Honeydew Melon (Cucumis melo L.) 386 (1) Lime, Persian [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle], var. Tahiti 386 (1) Mango (Mangifera indica L.), cvs Haden, Irwin, Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt, Maya, Okrang 387 (2) Nectarine (Prunus persica L.), var. Nectarina 389 (1) Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), Valencia 389 (1) Papaya (Carica papaya L.), var. Solo 390 (2) Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.), cvs White Okubo, Cardinal, Red Haven, Gleason Early Elberta 392 (1) Pear (Pyrus communis L.), cvs Bartlett, Clapp, Commice 393 (1) Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.), var. Smooth Cayenne 393 (2) Prune (Prunus domestica), cv. Richards Early Italian 395 (1) Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), cvs Tioga, Shasta, Florida 90, Donna, Z-5A, Long Island Jerseybelle, Cambridge Favourite 395 (2) Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), vars Homestead 2, Jupiter, Michigan-Ohio Hybrid, Heines Hochzucht, NM Super II, NM Milo I, Waldin, Ace 397 (2) Vegetables 399 (1) Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) 399 (1) Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Pole, Snap and Bush; cvs Improved Tendergreen, `McCaslan 42', Sprite 400 (2) Beet Leaf (Beta vulgaris L.), var. Conditiva Alef 402 (1) Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. -- Italica Group) 402 (1) Brussels Sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. -- Gemmifera Group) 403 (1) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. -- Capitata Group), cv. Quick Green Storage 403 (1) Carrot (Daucas carota L.) 404 (1) Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L. -- Botrytis Group) 404 (1) Celery, Transplants (Apium graveolens L.), cv. Utah 52--70 405 (1) Corn, Sweet (Zea mays L.), cvs Iobelle, Florida Sweet, Wintergreen 405 (1) Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) 406 (1) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), var. Poinsett 407 (1) Kohlrabi (Brassica caulorapa) 408 (1) Leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.) 408 (1) Lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), var. Iceberg 408 (2) Mushroom [Agaricus bisporrus (Lge.)], cvs Golden Light, White Button, Shitake, Enokitake, Matsutake 410 (2) Onion, Green (Allium cepa L.) 412 (1) Onion, Dry (Allium cepa L.), cvs Autumn Spice, Rocket, Trapps #6 412 (1) Parsley [Petroselinum sativum (Mill.) Nym.] 413 (1) Pepper, Sweet (Capsicum annum L.), Neusiedler Ideal, Bellboy 414 (1) Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) 415 (1) Radish (Raphanus sativa L.), var. Sativus 415 (1) Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) 415 (1) Squash (Curcurbita maxima Duch.), var. Acorn; (Curcurbita pepo L. var. Melopepo Alef.); and Yellow Crookneck `Summer' Squash 416 (1) Turnip (Brassica campestris L. -- Rapifera Group) 416 (1) Cut Flowers, Cuttings and Potted Plants 417 (1) Diseases of Cut Flowers 417 (1) Alstroemeria, Cut Flower (Alstroemeria sp.) 417 (1) Anthurium, Cut Flower (Anthurium sp.), var. Ozaki 417 (1) Aster, China, Cut Flower (Callistephus chinensis) 418 (1) Azalea, Potted Plant (Rhododendron sp.) 418 (1) Carnation, Cut Flower (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), cvs White Sims (White), Linda (Pink), Scania (Red), Laddie and Various Other Colours 418 (4) Chrysanthemum, Rooted and Non-rooted Cuttings (Chrysanthemum morifolium = Dendranthema morifolium), cvs Delaware, Neptune, Yellow Delaware, Blue Marble, Golden Anne, Bright Golden Anne, Regal Anne, Yellow Snowdown, Hurricane, Yellow Mandalay, Polaris, Fandango, Super White, Heyday, Rose Chip 422 (1) Chrysanthemum, Cut Flower (Chrysanthemum morifolium = Dendranthema morifolium) 423 (1) Chrysanthemum, Potted Plant (Chrysanthemum morifolium = Dendranthema morifolium) 424 (1) Cuttings (Foliage and Woody) 425 (1) Foliage Plants, Potted 426 (1) Freesia, Cut Flower (Freesia sp.) 427 (1) Fynbos, Cut Flower (Erica sparsa, Stoebe plumosa, Phylica imberbus) 427 (1) Geranium, Cutting (Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey) 427 (1) Geranium, Potted Plant (Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey), Red 427 (1) Ginger, Red, Cut Flower (Alpinia purpuata) 428 (1) Ginger, Wax, Cut Flower (Alpinia speciosa) 429 (1) Gladiolus, Cut Flower (Gladiolus sp.) 429 (1) Gypsophila, Cut Flower (Gypsophila sp.) 429 (1) Heliconia, Cut Flower (Heliconia humilis, Heliconia latispatha) 430 (1) Leucadendron, Cut Flower (Leucadendron argenteum), vars Pisa, Jubilee Crown 430 (1) Liatris, Cut Flower (Liatris sp.) 430 (1) Lily, Easter, Cut Flower (Lilium longiflorum speciosum rubrum) 430 (1) Lily, Easter, Potted Plant (Lilium longiflorum speciosum rubrum) 430 (1) Narcissus, Cut Flower (Narcissus sp.) 431 (1) Orchid, Cut Flower (Vanda Agnes Joaquim) 431 (1) Poppy, Cut Flower (Papaver sp.) 431 (1) Protea, Cut Flower (Protea sp.), vars Eximia, Cardinal, Sylvia, Pink Ice, Renata, Repens 432 (1) Rapeseed, Cut Flower (Brassica napus) 433 (1) Rose, Cut Flower (Rosa sp.), `Sweetheart', `Tanbeedee Belinda', `Forever Yours', `Bacarra', `Merko Mercedes', `Sweet Promise', `Sonia', `Visa', `Madam Delbar', `Sandia', `Samantha', `Royalty', `Spanish Sun', `Town Crier' 433 (2) Snapdragon, Cut Flower (Antirrhinum majus), `Promenade Crimson' 435 (1) Statice, Cut Flower (Statice ameria) 436 (1) Stock, Cut Flower (Malcomia maritima), Purple and Rose Red 436 (1) Tulip, Cut Flower (Tulipa sp.) 436 (1) Seeds [Apium graveolens var. Dulce (Celery), Brassica oleracea (Cabbage), Allium cepa (Onion)] 436 (1) Tissue Cultures (Nicotiana tabacum `Wisconsin 38', Chrysanthemum x morifolium) 437 (1) Pressure Cycling (Tomatoes, Bananas, Apples, Cabbage, Chrysanthemum Cuttings, Cut Carnation Blooms) 437 (1) Mixed Loads (Cabbages, Carrots, Bananas, Tomatoes, Apples) 438 (2) Meat Storage 440 (44) Optimal LP Storage Condition for Meat 441 (1) Partial Pressures of O2, CO2 and H2O Vapour Present in a VacuFreshSM Container during Meat Storage 442 (1) Heat Transfer and Weight Loss 442 (2) Packaging Parameters 444 (3) Oxidation of Meat Pigments 447 (1) Fat Oxidation 448 (1) Meat Odour and Flavour 448 (1) Microbial Spoilage under Aerobic Conditions 449 (1) Microbial Spoilage under Anaerobic Conditions 450 (1) Effect of CO2 on Microbial Spoilage 451 (2) Microbiological Safety 453 (1) Botulism 454 (1) Temperature 455 (3) Ice-crystal Formation 458 (1) Humidity 459 (1) Venting the Container 460 (1) Tenderization and Ageing 460 (2) Commodity Requirements 462 (1) Beef 462 (2) Chicken 464 (1) Duck 465 (1) Fish (Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua; Atlantic Herring, Clupea harengus; Spot Fish, Leiostrous xanthurus; Atlantic Salmon, Salmo solar; Caesar Grunt, Haemulon carbonarium; Gray Snapper, Lutjanus griseus; Atlantic Mackerel, Scomber scombrus) 465 (6) Horse Meat 471 (2) Lamb 473 (2) Pork 475 (1) Shrimp (Panaeus setiferus) 476 (2) Veal 478 (1) Examples 478 (6) Warehouse Design 484 (11) Grumman's Hypobaric Warehouse 484 (1) Alternative Steel-cylinder Design 484 (2) Concrete Warehouse Designs 486 (1) Boeing/Preload Design 486 (1) Crom Corporation Design 487 (2) University of Guelph Design 489 (3) Concrete Masonry Corporation (CMC) Precast Concept 492 (1) Inherent Thermal Problem in a Concrete Warehouse Design 493 (2) Intermodal Container Design 495 (28) Prototype No. 1 495 (1) Prototype No. 2 496 (1) Grumman's Dormavac Container 496 (2) Grumman/Dormavac Structural Design 498 (1) Grumman/Dormavac Mechanical Design 498 (3) Defects in Grumman's Dormavac Design 501 (1) General Description of the VacuFreshSM Container 502 (1) VacuFreshSM Tank Container Specifications and Physical Parameters 503 (1) Special Features 503 (3) Interior Structures 506 (1) VacuFreshSM Mechanical Equipment 507 (1) Refrigeration System General Schematic 507 (3) Heating Cycle 510 (1) Temperature Modulation 510 (1) Vacuum System General Schematic 510 (4) Preventing Condensation in Cabinets, Conduits and Regulators 514 (1) Vacuum-control Circuitry 515 (1) Controlling the Pumping Speed 515 (1) Detented Controller 515 (3) Electronic Vacuum Gauge 518 (1) Pressure Regulation 518 (1) Momentary Test Buttons 519 (1) Data Logger 519 (1) TransVac 520 (1) Example 521 (2) Conclusions 523 (7) Appendix -- Influence of LP on Physical, Biological and Chemical Parameters 530 (13) Physical and Chemical Properties 530 (1) Chemical Potential 530 (1) Electrochemical Potential 531 (1) Standard State 531 (1) Hydrostatic Pressure, Water Activity and Osmotic Pressure 531 (1) Osmoregulation 532 (1) Water Potential of Liquid Water 532 (1) Chemical Activity of Water 533 (1) Water Vapour Pressure and Relative Humidity 533 (1) Water Potential of Water Vapour in the Gas Phase 534 (1) Humidity Control in an LP Container 534 (1) Influence of Pressure and Water Vapour on the Partial Pressures of O2, CO2 and Other Gases Present in the Vacuum Tank's Gas Mixture 534 (1) Diffusion in the Gas Phase 535 (1) Definitions 535 (1) Steady-state Equimolar Counter-diffusion in Gases 535 (1) Steady-state Unidirectional Diffusion in Gases 536 (1) Steady-state Equimolar Counter-diffusion in Liquids 537 (1) Steady-state Unidirectional Diffusion in Liquids 537 (1) Binary Diffusion Coefficient of Gases 537 (2) Binary Diffusion Coefficient in Liquids 539 (1) Influence of Water Vapour on Physical and Chemical Parameters 539 (1) Viscosity of Water Vapour + Air Mixtures 540 (1) Thermal Conductivity of Water Vapour + Air Mixtures 541 (1) Heat Capacity of Water Vapour + Air Mixtures 541 (1) Prandtl (Pr) and Reynolds (Re) Numbers of Water Vapour + Air Mixtures 541 (1) Diffusion of a Dilute Gaseous Component in a Water Vapour + Air Mixtures 541 (1) Effect of Air Partial Pressure on the Convective Film Coefficient for Condensation in a Water Vapour/Air Mixtures 542 (1) References 543 (88) Index 631
520			_aHypobaric (low-pressure) storage offers considerable potential as a method to prevent postharvest loss of horticultural and other perishable commodities, such as fruit, vegetables, cut flowers and meat. Yet hitherto there has been no comprehensive evaluation and documentation of this method and its scientific basis.Written by the world's leading authority on hypobaric storage Postharvest Physiology and Hypobaric Storage of Fresh Produce fills this gap in the existing literature. The first part of the book provides a detailed account of the metabolic functions of gases, and the mechanisms of postharvest gas exchange, heat transfer and water loss in fresh produce. The effect of hypobaric conditions on each process is then considered, before a critical review of all available information on hypobaric storage. This includes horticultural commodity requirements, laboratory research, and the design of hypobaric warehouses and transportation containers.
650			_aPost Harvest Technology
942			_cBK _2ddc
999			_c92 _d92